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時間：2023-12-20 來源：合肥網hfw.cc 作者：hfw.cc 我要糾錯
SWJTU-Leeds Joint School: assessment brief
Module title Computer Graphics
Module code XJCO3811
Assignment title
This coursework covers the projective 3D graphics
pipeline, which is fundamental to real-time rendering
applications.
Assignment type
and description Programming assignment
Rationale
The coursework tests the student’s ability create an
interactive 3D rendering application, with custom objects
and interactions.
Page limit and
guidance
Report: 10 A4 pages with 2cm or larger margins, 10pt
font size (including figures). You are allowed to use a
double-column layout. Code: no limit. Please read
the submission instructions carefully!
Weighting 50%
Submission deadline
2023-12-21 10:00 (Leeds Time)
2023-12-21 18:00 (Beijing Time)
Submission method Gradescope: code and report
Feedback provision Written notes
Learning outcomes
assessed
Understand, describe and utilize the projective 3D graphics pipeline and its modern implementation to create 2D
imagesfrom 3D models; Understand, describe, apply and
evaluate fundamental algorithms and methods from the
field of computer graphics, commonly used for projective
graphics applications such as 3D games.
Module lead Markus Billeter
i
1. Assignment guidance
In this second coursework, you are tasked with developing an OpenGL-based renderer
in groups of three students. You will develop an application that combines a terrain
based on real-world elevation data with pre-made models loaded from files and models
programmatically created by you.
Before starting your work, please study the coursework document in its entirety. Pay
special attention to the requirements and submission information. Plan your work. It
is likely better to focus on a subset of tasks and commit to these fully than to attempt
everything in a superficial way.
2. Assessment tasks
Please see detailed instructions in the document following the standardized assessment
brief (pages i-v). The work is split into several tasks, accounting in total for 50% of
the module grade.
3. General guidance and study support
Please refer to materials handed out during the module, including the tutorial-style
exercises for the 3D graphics pipeline.
Support is primarily provided during scheduled lab hours. Support for general issues
may be provided through the module’s “Teams” channel. Do not expect answers
outside of scheduled hours. Do not post specific issues relating to your code in the
public Teams channels. Do not crosspost across multiple channels.
4. Assessment criteria and marking process
Submissions take place through Gradescope. Valid submissions will be marked
primarily based on the report and secondarily based on the submitted code. See
following sections for details on submission requirements and on requirements on
the report. Marks and feedback will be provided through Minerva (and not through
Gradescope - Gradescope is only used for submissions!).
5. Submission requirements
Your coursework will be graded once you have
(a) Submitted required files (code and report) through Gradescope.
(b) If deemed necessary, participated in an extended interview with the instructor(s)
where you explain your submission in detail.
Your submission will consist of source code and a report (<=10 pages). The report is
the basis for assessment. The source code is supporting evidence for assertions made
in the report.
Submissions are made through Gradescope (do not send your solutions by email!).
You can use any of Gradescope’s mechanisms for uploading the complete solution
ii
and report. In particular, Gradescope accepts .zip archives (you should see the
contents of them when uploading to Gradescope). Do not use other archive formats
(Gradescope must be able to unpack them!). Gradescope will run preliminary checks
on your submission and indicate whether it is considered a valid submission.
The source code must compile and run as submitted on the standard SoC machines
found in the UG teaching lab (2.05 in Bragg). Your code must compile cleanly, i.e.,
it should not produce any warnings. If there are singular warnings that you cannot
resolve or believe are in error, you must list these in your report and provide an
explanation of what the warning means and why it is acceptable in your case. This is
not applicable for easily fixed problems and other bulk warnings (for example, type
conversions) – you are always expected to correct the underlying issues for such. Do
not change the warning level defined in the handed-out code. Disabling individual
warnings through various means will still require documenting them in the report.
In general, you must not use custom extensions or vendor-specific features in your
application (foe example, NVIDIA-specific OpenGL exensions). If you wish to explore
a specific advanced feature that requires such, please conctact the module leader
ahead of time and get their explicit permission. Contact the module leader by email
for this, explaining what feature you require, what you aim to do (and why that
specific feature is required for that).
Your submission must not include any “extra” files that are not required to build
or run your submission (aside from the report). In particular, you must not include
build artifacts (e.g. final binaries, .o files, ...), temporary files generated by your IDE
or other tools (e.g. .vs directory and contents) or files used by version control (e.g.
.git directory and related files). Note that some of these files may be hidden by
default, but they are almost always visible when inspecting the archive with various
tools. Do not submit unused code (e.g. created for testing). Submitting unnecessary
files may result in a deduction of marks.
While you are encouraged to use version control software/source code management
software (such as git or subversion), you must not make your solutions publicly
available. In particular, if you wish to use Github, you must use a private repository.
Members of your group should be the only users with access to that repository.
6. Presentation and referencing
Your report must be a single PDF file called report.pdf. In the report, you must list
all tasksthat you have attempted. Include screenshots for each task unless otherwise
noted in the task description! You may refer to your code in the descriptions, but
descriptions that just say “see source code” are not sufficient. Do not reproduce bulk
code in your report. If you wish to highlight a particularly clever method, a short
snippet of code is acceptable. Never show screenshots/images of code - if you wish to
include code, make sure it is rendered as text in the PDF using appropriate formatting
and layout. Screenshots must be of good quality (keep the resolution at 1280×720
iii
or higher, but scale them down in the PDF). Don’t compress the screenshots overly
much (e.g., visible compression artifacts).
Apply good report writing practices. Structure your report appropriately. Use whole
English sentences. Use appropriate grammar, punctuation and spelling. Provide figure
captions to figures/screenshots, explaining what the figure/screenshot is showing and
what the reader should pay attention to. Refer to figures from your main text. Cite
external references appropriately.
Furthermore, the UoL standard practices apply:
The quality of written English will be assessed in this work. As a minimum, you must
ensure:
• Paragraphs are used
• There are links between and within paragraphs although these may be ineffective
at times
• There are (at least) attempts at referencing
• Word choice and grammar do not seriously undermine the meaning and comprehensibility of the argument
• Word choice and grammar are generally appropriate to an academic text
These are pass/ fail criteria. So irrespective of marks awarded elsewhere, if you do
not meet these criteria you will fail overall.
7. Academic misconduct and plagiarism
You are encouraged to research solutions and use third-party resources. If you find
such, you must provide a reference to them in your report (include information about
the source and original author(s)). Never “copy-paste” code from elsewhere – all code
must be written yourself. If the solution is based on third party code, make sure to
indicate this in comments surrounding your implementation in your code, in addition
to including a reference in your report.
If you wish to use a custom third party library, you must clear this with the instructors
for XJCO3811 in writing well ahead of your submission. You must provide a clear
reason for using this library in your request. Third party libraries may not be used to
solve substantial portions of any of the tasks and cannot be used to replace elements
provided with the base code.
Furthermore, the UoL standard practices apply:
Academic integrity means engaging in good academic practice. This involves essential
academic skills, such as keeping track of where you find ideas and information and
referencing these accurately in your work.
iv
By submitting this assignment you are confirming that the work is a true expression
of your own work and ideas and that you have given credit to others where their work
has contributed to yours.
8. Assessment/marking criteria grid
(See separate document.)
v
Contents
1 Tasks 1
1.1 Matrix/vector functions 2
1.2 3D renderer basics ................. 2
1.3 Texturing................................ 2
1.4 Simple Instancing.................. 3
1.5 Custom model ....................... 4
1.6 Local light sources................. 4
1.7 Animation .............................. 4
1.8 Tracking cameras................... 4
1.9 Split screen ............................. 4
1.10 Particles .................................. 5
1.11 Simple 2D UI elements . 5
1.12 Measuring performance 5
2 Implementation Requirements 6
In this coursework, you will create a renderer using the (modern) OpenGL API. The coursework is to be
completed in groups. Each group can consist of one – three students. You must build on the code provided
with this coursework. In particular, the project must be buildable through the standard premake steps (see
exercises). Carefully study the submission requirements for details.
While you are encouraged to use version control software/source code management software (such as git or subversion),
you must not make your solutions publicly available. In particular, if you wish to use Github, you must use a private
repository. The members of the group should be the only users with access to that repository.
1 Tasks
The total achievable score in Coursework 2 is 50 marks. The coursework is split into the tasks listed below.
Please study all tasks and plan your work before you start coding. It is likely better to focus on a subset of
tasks and commit to these fully than to attempt everything in a superficial way.
Background: The privately held space company, AvaruusY, is preparing for lift-off. As part of their preparations, they are looking for an interactive 3D experience that lets the public explore their launch. You have
been contracted for this job! The launch is planned to take place from a sea-based launch platform in southern
Finland. AvaruusY engineers have spent the last few days furiously compiling the data that they have about
the launch site and have produced a few 3D models for your use.
Important: In the end of the report (appendix), you must include a table that lists each group member’s
individual contributions to each of the completed tasks. Document who wrote what code. Make sure that all
group members contribute substantially to the code. Prefer working together on tasks rather than distributing
them to individuals. When multiple members worked on a feature (e.g., pair programming), include rough
proportions.
XJCO3811
Coursework 2
1.1 Matrix/vector functions
4 marks
Your first task is to implement the necessary matrix and vector functions in vmlib. Minimally, this includes
the following functions in vmlib/mat44.hpp:
• Mat44f operator*( Mat44f const&, Mat44f const& )
• Vec4f operator*( Mat44f const&, Vec4f const& )
• Mat44f make_rotation_{x,y,z}( float ) (three functions)
• Mat44f make_translation( Vec3f )
• Mat44f make_perspective_projection( float, float, float, float )
These functions are quite fundamental and needed for the rest of this coursework. It is therefore important to
be able to rely on them. To help you check for the correctness, the handed-out code includes the vmlib-test
subproject. It uses the Catch2 testing library. A sample test case for the standard projection matrix is included
as an example.
You should add tests for each of the above functions. Comparing against known-good values is sufficient in
this case (but make sure your known-good values are indeed correct!). Deriving the known-good values by
hand or using a (well-known) third-party library are both acceptable. Make sure your tests are meaningful.
Note: you are required to use the vmlib types in your solution – i.e., you may not use a third party math library!
In your report: Briefly outline the tests that you have added. Explain why those tests are meaningful. (No
screenshots are required.)
1.2 3D renderer basics
8 marks
Next, set up a 3D rendering application using modern shader-based OpenGL in the main subproject. You
may start with the skeleton provided in main/main.cpp. Refer to the OpenGL exercises from the module as
necessary.
The base code includes a Wavefront OBJ file, assets/parlahti.obj and assets/parlahti.mtl. The
mesh shows a small part of Finland, near the Parlahti region with the islands Heina¨saari, Sommaro¨n and
La&#**0; ngo¨n (saari is island in Finnish; o¨is island in Swedish). The region is 6km by 6km and derived from a digital
elevation model with 2m resolution. The elevation is somewhat exaggerated in the model, to make the terrain
more visible. The original elevation data was obtained from Maanmittauslaitos, the national land survey
of Finland. You can download other parts of Finland from their homepage. The datasets are subject to the
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
You should set up a program that can load this Wavefront OBJ file and display it.
Use a perspective projection for rendering. You must use the make_perspective_projection function from
vmlib to create the projection matrix. Make sure the window is resizable.
Implement a camera with which you can explore the scene using the mouse and keyboard. Aim for a firstperson style 3D camera (WSAD+EQ to control position, mouse to look around, shift to speed up, and ctrl
to slow down). Camera controls should be frame-rate independent. Implement this using the callback-style
input from GLFW – do not use polling for mouse and keyboard input (so, no glfwGetKey and similar).
Use the simplified directional light model from Exercise G.5, i.e., with only a ambient and diffuse component.
For now, use the light direction (0, 1, −1) (but remember to normalize it!).
Refer to Figure 1 for some sample screenshots of what this may look like.
In your report: Report the values for GL_RENDERER, GL_VENDOR and GL_VERSION for your test computer(s).
Include several (3+) screenshots of the scene. They must be significantly different (=different views) from the
ones shown in Figure 1.
1.3 Texturing
4 marks
In addition to the elevation data, Maanmittauslaitos also provides orthophotos. These are photos taken with a
top down view (for example, from an airplane). We can use this orthophoto as a texture for the terrain mesh.
The Wavefront OBJ includes all the necessary data. Update your renderer to draw the mesh with a texture.
Combine the texture with the simple lighting from Section 1.2.
XJCO3811 - Coursework 2 3
Figure 1: Screenshots showing the Parlahti mesh, with a simple “n dot l” lighting model. The simple lighting model helps
us see the geometry clearly.
Figure 2: Screenshots showing the Parlahti model with the orthophoto-based texture. Note that it does not include any
lighting. (You should however combine the texture with lighting in your implementation!)
See Figure 2 for a textured rendering (no lighting).
In your report: Include several (3+) screenshots with texturing. They must be significantly different (=different
views) from the ones shown in Figure 2.
1.4 Simple Instancing
4 marks
“Why build one when you can have two at twice the price?”, Contact (1997)
The exercise includes a second Wavefront OBJ file, assets/launchpad.obj and assets/launchpad.mtl
(Figure 3). This models the launchpad that AvaruusY is planning to use for its launches.
Load this file (once). Find two spots for the launch pad. They must be in the sea and in contact with the water
(but not fully submerged). They cannot be at the origin. They should not be immediately next to each other.
Render the object twice (without making a copy of the data), once at each location. The model does not have
a texture, but uses per-material colors. You will need to handle this somehow, for example with two different
shader programs.
In your report: Document the coordinates at which you placed the launch pads. Include screenshots of the
placement.
Figure 3: Launchpad model (launchpad.obj).
1.5 Custom model
4 marks
Create a 3D model of a space vehicle programmatically. Combine basic shapes (boxes, cylinders, ...) into a
complex object. You must use at least seven (7) basic shapes. These must be connected to each other (e.g.,
they can not float freely) and all of the parts must be visible. You must use at least three (3) different basic
shapes. Simple transformations of a shape, such as a non-uniform scaling, do not constitute a different shape
(for example, transforming a cube into a box still only counts as one shape). You should however use all
transformations (translation, rotation, scaling) when placing objects. At least one object must be placed relative
to another (e.g., you place one thing on top of another).
Make sure you generate the appropriate normals for the object, such that it is lit correctly. You do not have to
texture the object. You are free to use different colors for different parts if you wish.
The space vehicle must be placed on one of the launch pads (Section 1.4).
Note: You have some freedom in designing your “space vehicle”. It should be recognizable as a vehicle, but it
does not have to be a rocket. An alien UFO would work as well. Or a submarine ... after all, that’s a bit like a
spaceship, except that it goes the other way1
.
In your report: Document which of the launch pads you placed your space vehicle on. Include screenshots
(2+) of your vehicle.
1.6 Local light sources
3 marks
Implement the full Blinn-Phong shading model for point lights, including the standard 1/r
2 distance attenuation. Add three point lights, each with a different color, to your space vehicle (Section 1.5). You may place
them slightly away from the geometry to avoid problems with the division.
In your report: Include a screenshot of lit space vehicle and launch pad.
1.7 Animation
3 marks
Implement an animation where your space vehicle flies away. The animation should start when the user
presses the F key. Pressing R should reset the space vehicle to its original position and disable the animation.
For full marks, you should consider a curved path for the vehicle, where it slowly accelerates from a standstill.
The vehicle should rotate such that it always faces into the direction of movement. The lights from Section 1.6
should follow the space vehicle.
In your report: Include a screenshot of the vehicle mid-flight.
1.8 Tracking cameras
3 marks
Implement a feature where the user can switch to cameras that track the space vehicle in its flight (Section 1.7).
Implement two cameras modes:
• A camera that looks at the space vehicle from a fixed distance and follows it in its flight.
• A camera that is fixed on the ground and always looks towards the space vehicle, even as it flies away.
The user should be able to cycle through the different camera modes with the C key. So, pressing the key
should first switch from the freely controllable default camera to the fixed-distance camera, next to the ground
camera and then back.
In your report: Include a screenshot of each camera mode, with the vehicle in mid-flight.
1.9 Split screen
4 marks
Implement a split screen rendering mode that shows two different views at once. Let the user toggle split
screen mode by pressing the V key. Pressing C should select the camera mode for one of the views (Section 1.8).
The camera mode for the other one should cycle by pressing Shift-C. You can pick how you split the screen,
but a simple horizontal 50%-50% split is fine.
1The AvaruusY engineers might object to a car, though, since a different company already sent one of those to space.
XJCO3811 - Coursework 2 5
There are multiple possible strategies for implementing a split screen mode. You are free to pick one yourself.
However, it should not be overly wasteful (so don’t render parts that are never shown to the user). The split
screen mode should adapt to the window when resized.
In your report: Describe how you have implemented the split screen feature. Include screenshots that show
the split screen mode in action.
1.10 Particles
4 marks
Implement a particle system that simulates exhaust from your space vehicle as it flies away (Section 1.7).
For full marks, consider the following features:
• Render particles as textured point sprites or as textured camera-facing quads.
• Make sure the particles render correctly from all views. Designing the system around additive blending
will make this easier.
• Particles should be emitted in whatever small area you consider the vehicle’s engine, and should appear
to move away from the vehicle.
• Particles should have fixed lifetime after which they disappear.
Take particular care with the implementation. For example, avoid dynamic allocations at runtime during the
simulation. A CPU-based implementation is perfectly adequate.
In your report: Describe how you have implemented the particle system. Document any assumptions that you
have made and mention limitations. Discuss the efficiency/performance of the system. Include a screenshot
of the effect.
1.11 Simple 2D UI elements
4 marks
Implement the following UI elements:
• In the top left corner, display the current altitude of the space vehicle in text.
• In the bottom center, implement two buttons. One that launches the space vehicle when clicked and one
that resets the vehicle to its initial position (see Section 1.7).
Make sure the buttons stay in the right place when the window is resized.
Draw the buttons such that they their label is centered in a rectangle with a solid outline and a semi-transparent
fill. The buttons should have three distinct visual states: normal, mouse-over and pressed (mouse button held
down). The top-left status text should remain readable at all times.
You should implement this yourself, e.g., without a third party UI library. You may however use Fontstash
for rendering text (use the included assets/DroidSansMonoDotted.ttf font). You can also opt for rendering text using a font atlas texture if you prefer.
In your report: Describe your implementation. What are the steps to adding another UI element? Include
screenshots of the UI, including the different button states.
1.12 Measuring performance
5 marks
Measure the performance of your renderer. This task primarily focuses on the GPU rendering performance
(recall that the GPU will run asynchronously from the CPU). You must therefore use GL_TIMESTAMP queries
with the glQueryCounter() function. Study the documentation for the above function. Refer to OpenGL
wiki on query objects for additional information.
Use the queries to measure rendering performance. Each frame, you should measure:
• the fullrendering time (but exclude e.g., glfwSwapBuffers() and other non-rendering code).
• the time needed to render the parts from Sections 1.2, 1.4 and 1.5 individually, so as three different times.
If you implemented Section 1.9, you can measure this only for one of the views or for both individually. For
full marks, you should implement a strategy that avoids stalling/waiting when retrieving results from the
asynchronous timestamp queries. No marks will be awarded if you use third party applications to measure
the performance.
Additionally measure frame-to-frame times and the time it takes to submit the rendering commands with
OpenGL using a CPU timer such as std::chrono::high_resolution_clock.
Perform the measurements over multiple frames. Make sure you run in release mode and that you have
disabled any OpenGL debugging and removed any potentially blocking calls (e.g., glGetError()). Ideally,
try to run this on one of the newer machines in 2.05, e.g., with the NVIDIA RTX GPUs.
In your report: Describe your implementation. Document your results (table or plot) and discuss these. Compare the different timings. Are they what you would expect? Are the timings reproducible in different runs?
Do they vary as you move around? Explain your observations. (No screenshots required.)
2 Implementation Requirements
For full marks, you are expected to following the requirements/specification detailed in this document. Further, you are expected apply to good (graphics) engineering practices, including:
• Manage resources! In debug mode, you should clean up all resources and allocations. In release mode,
you may choose to “leak” some resources on exit as an optimization (which the OS will free up once the
process terminates), but in order to aid debugging, you must not do so in debug builds. Furthermore,
you should never leak run-time allocations that cause resource usage to continually increase.
• Do not unnecessarily duplicate data. Typically, any large resource should be allocated at most once and
never be duplicated. If you duplicate resources, you should make this an informed choice and give a
reason for doing so (e.g., double-buffering due to concurrent accesses, or in order to enable batching for
more efficient draw calls).
• Do not do unnecessary work per frame. Avoid allocating and deallocating data each frame; allocate upfront and re-use resources instead. Don’t do file IO per frame. Don’t repeatedly query data that doesn’t
change (for example, don’t glGetUniformLocation each frame!).
• Do not do unnecessary work in the pipeline: Don’t do computations in the fragment shader if they could
be done in the vertex shader. Don’t do computations in the vertex shader if they could be done once on
the CPU. Don’t repeat computations each frame if they can (reasonably) be done once on startup. Etc.
(This is sometimes a trade-off between memory and compute. If in doubt, motivate your choice.)
• Use appropriate data structures. For example, by default you should prefer an std::vector over a
linked list. Don’t use a shared_ptr when an unique_ptr would do. ...
• Don’t reinvent the wheel unnecessarily. For example, do use the C++ standard library’s containers,
rather than implementing your own. (The exercise requires you to implement your own vector/matrix
functions. This can be considered a special exception to this guideline.)
Wrapping up
Please double-check the requirements in and ensure that your submission conforms to these. In particular,
pay attention to file types (archive format and report format) and ensure that you have not included any
unnecessary files in the submission.
Make sure you have included the table with individual contributions in your report (see Section 1).
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